Publications

The imbalance between the value of our assets abroad and of Spanish assets held by foreigners has narrowed from almost 100% of GDP 10 years ago, to just 44% of GDP at the end of 2024.

Economic growth, inequality, and zero-sum thinking form a triangle that has shaped societies over the years. The historical transition from a subsistence economy to one of sustained growth has transformed social perceptions of wealth and how it is distributed.

With a similar starting level two decades ago, Gross Fixed Capital Formation per working-age adult in Spain stood at 2,217 euros in 3Q23, 5.3% less than in 2001, while in the EU27 it reached 3,282 euros, 35.6% more than in 2001 and 48.0% more than in Spain.

Following several years of relative calm, global debt has been steadily growing since the 2008 financial crisis. Aside from the question of public debt, corporate debt grew sharply from 73% of GDP in 2008 to peak at 102% in 2020, at the height of the pandemic.

2022 has been a year of transition for banking. It started off with a lot of dynamism, as the economic recovery was expected to consolidate, leaving the pandemic behind us. But the war initiated by Russia in Ukraine radically changed the course of events.

Previously, I presented some arguments why it seems to me that tax revenues next year could be lower than estimated, which would present the government with the dilemma of having to cut spending or increase indebtedness.

Chinese authorities’ 2016-2018 corporate deleveraging campaign seems to have given way to the escalating China-US tensions and the COVID-19, however, it restarts now in a more "passive" way.

In 2018, the main source of growth in bank credit granted to the private sector was that allocated to companies. Traditional deposits reverse their downward trend, albeit at a moderate pace. Consumer Credit: recent developments and analysis of the slowdown in its growth rate. Mexican corporations’ foreign debt: the scenario changes, but risks for the bank remain limited.