Publications

Colombia's demographic shift will reshape key sectors. Declining birth rates and a growing elderly population impact education, employment, healthcare, and consumption. Demand for long-term care, automation in labor markets, and adaptations in housing and financial products for retirement are on the rise.

Poverty was reduced in Colombia last year. In 2023, 338 thousand people were lifted out of multidimensional poverty, bringing poverty from 12.9% of the population in 2022 to 12.1% in 2023. And it was reduced mainly in the countryside. Informality and low years of education weigh heavily on poverty in Colombia.

Prioritizing the resolution of educational problems and the reduction of economic informality is crucial. These efforts could pave the way for a more robust economy in Mexico, characterized by higher-paying jobs. Neglecting to address these challenges would perpetuate inequality and poverty.

Human capital formation faced great challenges prior to the pandemic; conditions are likely to have worsened with COVID-19. It is necessary to prioritize and strengthen the educational system. Without investment in human capital, there can be no nearshoring in the medium and long term.

Equal educational opportunity and the development of human capital are two of the main keys to economic progress and social welfare — if not the most important. In the face of the digital disruption that is underway, knowledge, skills and competences of the population are also essential.

The challenges of the Colombian economy are presented in aspects such as pandemic, reactivation and recovery, employment, education and a condition of life with less poverty and more support in old age.

Using data from the Spanish Labor Force Survey (EPA), this Working Paper extends through 2019, the annual series of the educational level of the Spanish population and regions produced in de la Fuente and Doménech (2016) for the period 1960-2011.

This paper explores the relationship between human capital inequality and income inequality, using an updated data set on human capital inequality for 146 countries from 1950 to 2010 and a novel database on earnings inequality.