Publications

Here are all of our publications listed chronologically. You can also find the publications relating to single geography under “Publications by geography” or narrow down your search using the “Advanced filter”.

Latest publications on GDP per hour worked

Spain | Productivity and reallocation of resources: A structural challenge

January 5, 2026

The Spanish economy is growing more through employment than productivity. The efficient allocation of resources (capital and labor) to more productive sectors is one of the structural challenges. There's an urgent need to boost investment, human capital, and AI, and remove barriers for the most productive companies to grow.

Spain | It is growing faster than Europe, but its productivity remains a challenge

November 11, 2025

Spain is growing faster than the EU (around 3% in 2025) and has the lowest unemployment rate since 2008 (10.5%), but productivity growth is disappointing and still lags behind the EU. More investment (in physical, technological, and human capital) is needed for more productive, innovative, and sustainable growth.

Spain | Productivity as the foundation for social progress

February 12, 2024

Although per-capita income also depends on demographics, the employment rate and hours worked per employed person, productivity is the only determinant that is not subject to a natural limit and is capable of generating sustained long-term growth.

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