Publications

Carbon Monitor, a high-frequency CO₂ tracker, enhances real-time sectoral and regional monitoring while aligning with IPCC guidelines. However, daily estimates face accuracy challenges, limiting their utility.

Estimates of the expenditure needed to decarbonize the economy reach trillions of euros but vary significantly depending on which items are included and under which assumptions.

The transition to a low-emission economy not only represents an opportunity for the transformation of the Spanish economy and society, but has become a priority on the national agenda. However, a more effective approach will be necessary to achieve the targets set.

Human economic activity generates greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that change climate and hurt biodiversity, affecting the well-being of society and the free-market system to the most limited extent.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) painted a bleak picture in its Sixth Synthesis Report on climate change: the window of opportunity to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement is continuing to close.

The average social welfare in OECD countries would have decreased by 1.9% during the past decade if the damages caused by CO2 emissions had been internalized. Nevertheless, a net intertemporal gain could have been achieved by preventing the most severe future outcomes of global warming, which entail a substantial cost.

In the current global socio-economic context, and especially after the COVID-19 crisis, digitization and sustainability have become key elements of economic and social transformation, being particularly relevant to understand and analyze how both interact.

The actual socioeconomic context has reinforced and accelerated a number of global trends, in particular sustainability and digitalization, two of the most disruptive. The empirical study conducted by BBVA Research suggests that an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between digitalization and CO2 emissions.