Publications

The percentage of the population that has at least basic digital skills is lower in Spain than in the EMU as a whole and fell between 2015 and 2019. Although it rose in 2020 to 60% (65% of Internet users), it is far of the 80% target established in the 2025 Digital Agenda.

COVID-19 is having serious economic consequences in Spain, in terms of production and employment. Female employment is being affected somewhat more negatively than male employment. This result is conditioned by multiple factors, including the educational level and economic activity of the worker's job.

Information is any kind of data-based inference. Conditional to context, information-sharing within markets can either improve or reduce welfare, and it can either foster or subdue competition. These effects will depend on both the nature of the competition and the type of uncertainty that such information addresses.

There are 29m Internet users in Colombia, however the use of digital banking is still low but growing. There are access gaps between rural and urban and income levels. In businesses, there is a significant gap in the use of ICTs by the size of the business, smaller business argue they don’t find a benefit in them.

This year's symposium at Jackson Hole focused on the changes to market structures (i.e. competition, concentration... among others) brought by new technologies. Showcasing research insights from leading academics, it centered on the evidence, causes and implications to the economy and future monetary policy.

In this issue we focus on: The framework for digital regulation in Latin America: How to balance innovation and safety?; Decentralized Applications (DApps): The building blocks of the future Internet; Instant payments; The cloud vs. mainframe conundrum; Enhancing Economic Empowerment through Financial Inclusion.

El acceso a los datos y su reutilización para la construcción de nuevos servicios son dos de las bases de la economía digital. Desde que en 2010 The Economist publicara su artículo “The data deluge” el término big data ha sido uno de los mantras de la nueva era de internet.

Like all financial services, electronic money presents risks that need to be addressed. National regulatory efforts have followed a myriad of approaches to ensure that customers (i) are effectively protected against loss of their funds in the event of insolvency of the issuer (insolvency risk) and (ii) are able to access their funds upon demand (liquidity risk).