Publications

We examine the transmission of monetary policy shocks to the macroeconomy at high frequency. To do this, we build daily consumption and investment aggregates using bank transaction records and leverage administrative data for measures of daily gross output and employment for Spain.

Hard data realizations so far confirm the slowdown in activity in 2Q25 while domestic demand conditions continue to moderate. We maintain our 2025 GDP growth forecast of 3.5% despite the downside risks, assuming an effective policy mix targeting a smooth adjustment.

The Turkish economy grew by 1.0% q/q in 1Q25, leading to an annual growth rate of 2.0%. Our monthly GDP indicator nowcasts a deceleration to a quarterly growth nearing 0% in 2Q25, which would start improving in 3Q25 with more supportive conditions.

Hard data confirms a robust quarterly GDP growth in 1Q25, similar to the previous quarter (1.7% q/q in 4Q24), driven primarily by domestic demand. Leading indicators signal a broad-based weakening in activity for 2Q25. We maintain our 2025 GDP growth forecast of 3.5% with risks becoming tilted to downside.

Colombia’s economy will grow 2.5% in 2025 and 2.9% in 2026, driven by consumption and investment. Inflation will continue declining, though housing and energy costs will remain rigid. Monetary policy will gradually lower rates, while the external deficit will widen due to rising imports and lower remittance inflows.

This Working Paper examines the transmission of monetary policy shocks to the macroeconomy at high frequency. To do this, daily consumption and investment aggregates are constructed using bank transaction records and administrative data to measure daily gross output and employment in Spain.

Incoming hard data points to a faster recovery in 4Q24 than our previous stagnant growth expectation on quarterly basis. We expect the GDP growth to reach around 3% in 2024 but acknowledge some upside risks recently emerge on our 2025 growth forecast of 2.5%.

BBVA Research forecasts GDP growth in Colombia of 2.0% in 2024, 2.5% in 2025, and 3.2% in 2026, driven by recovering domestic demand, lower interest rates, and reduced inflation. Consumption and investment will gain momentum, while the external deficit will be financed by FDI.