Publications

Here are all of our publications listed chronologically. You can also find the publications relating to single geography under “Publications by geography” or narrow down your search using the “Advanced filter”.

Latest publications on labor market

Spain | Labor participation against the demographic clock

May 4, 2026

Labor participation has rebounded since 2020, driven by cyclical factors, immigration, and higher educational levels. However, this improvement is temporary and masks the structural trend resulting from population aging.

Spain | Labor force participation after COVID: a cyclical recovery

April 23, 2026

Since the pandemic, Spain’s labour force participation rate has risen by 1.6 percentage points, reaching 59% of the working-age population in 2025. While the underlying trend is structural, most of the increase since 2020 reflects cyclical factors.

Europe | Home to 46 million working-age immigrants

April 20, 2026

Europe’s post-pandemic economic recovery has relied significantly on immigration. Simple growth accounting exercises suggest that immigrants may have contributed around half of recent GDP growth. As the native workforce declines, immigration is becoming increasingly important to sustain economic activity.

Spain | The paradox of employment and wages

April 20, 2026

Spain is experiencing record employment growth that contrasts with the stagnation of wage purchasing power. This situation is explained by an economic model based on the accumulation of jobs rather than improvements in productivity, compounded by a higher tax burden on labor.

Colombia | In February, national employment improves while urban remains weak

March 31, 2026

In February 2026, the national unemployment rate stood at 9.2%, below the 10.3% recorded a year ago. The annual reduction of 1.1 p.p. was mainly due to the increase in the occupation rate, which was accompanied by dynamic employment growth (2.7%).

Spain | Immigration and employment

March 2, 2026

Spain is experiencing a dynamic period of strong job creation that invites optimism, but it also raises a question for debate: where does the labor force needed to sustain this growth come from without overheating the labor market?

Colombia | Employment creation began to decelerate

February 28, 2026

In January 2026, the national unemployment rate decreased to 10.9%, reaching its lowest level for this month since 2001. However, job creation experienced a deceleration, with an annual growth of 1.4%.

Spain | Grow without immigration?

February 16, 2026

Population aging will make immigration necessary in the coming years. This should be compatible with an effort to diversify the sources of growth.

Spain | From the employment boom to the needed jump in productivity

February 9, 2026

Spain grew by 2.8% in 2025, driven by employment and domestic demand. Growth has been more extensive than intensive, with productivity remaining stagnant. Immigration has boosted employment and GDP per capita. The challenge is to raise both employment and productivity by increasing investment and improving its efficiency.

Spain | Labor market outlook for 2026

January 5, 2026

Employment is expected to increase by 2.3% in 2026, while the unemployment rate is projected to decline to 10% on an annual average basis. If these projections materialize, the Spanish economy would have generated more than 1.5 million jobs over the 2024–2026 period.

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