Publications

The quote “it is difficult to make predictions, especially about the future” is attributed to Niels Bohr. Today, it is even more so in an environment of high uncertainty. The increase in costs caused by the war between the U.S. and Israel against Iran will have negative effects on the Spanish economy.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a general-purpose technology that will transform the economy and employment. It drives productivity and innovation by combining automation and complementarity. Its ultimate impact will depend on adoption, human capital, and regulation.

The recent military escalation in the Middle East represents a new energy crisis for the global economy. Although higher resource prices will put upward pressure on inflation, for now, a temporary slowdown rather than a deep global recession is expected.

The impacts of climate change on people are not uniform across the population. Gaps in access to income, assets, and decision-making power mean that the effects of climate change can amplify existing structural inequalities, including those related to gender.

This analysis calculates the proximity (in km) of economic units in Mexico to commercial banking units (branches, ATMs, etc.), using georeferenced information as an indicator of "access" to financial products and services for the financial inclusion of establishments and businesses.

This note contains various indicators of labor poverty as of the end of the fourth quarter of 2025 (based on the latest figures updated by Inegi). Labor poverty is defined as the percentage of the population whose per capita labor income is insufficient to cover the cost of the basic food basket.

Colombia’s GDP rose 2.6% in 2025 in a domestic-demand rebound. Final consumption grew 4.2%, while investment was uneven—equipment surged but construction fell. Net exports subtracted as imports (+8.4%) outpaced exports (+1.8%).