Publications

Geopolitical crises do not automatically trigger energy transitions. They accelerate diversification only when economically viable and scalable substitutes already exist. Price spikes alone are insufficient; transition dynamics are shaped by shifts in perceived supply risk, technological readiness, and policy responses.

Spain began 2026 with persistent storms, making it one of the wettest Januaries in decades. Unevenly distributed water gains, both geographically and over time, highlight hydroclimatic volatility as increasingly relevant to Spain’s outlook.

2025 was marked by a downward trend in oil prices, starting the year at around $75 dollars per barrel of Brent crude and closing at $61, with a full-year average of $68.

Electricity grids are becoming a global bottleneck to the energy transition. Without faster, anticipatory investment, renewables and electrification will not reach their full potential. Digitalisation and storage help, but cannot substitute for grid expansion.

The Colombian electricity system stands out for its renewable matrix, high coverage, and regional resilience. Demand is growing steadily and supply is gradually advancing, in a context where diversification of sources and thermal backup will be key to maintaining reliability.

The Kaya identity is an analytical tool that helps to understand the behavior of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions through four factors: population, GDP per capita, the energy intensity of the economy, and the emissions intensity of energy.

COP30 leaves mixed feelings. The good news is that, even in a climate of global geopolitical fragmentation, there remains a forum where, despite the notable absence of the United States and its contrarian stance, decisions continue to be reached through global consensus.